Literature Review
Toward a Network Perspective of the Study of Resilience in Social-Ecological Systems
Authors: Janssen, Marco, Bodin, Orjan, Anderies, John, Elmqvist, Thomas, Ernstson, Henrik, McAllister, Ryan, Olsson, Per, Ryan, Paul (Uploaded by: Jocelyne Helbling)ABSTRACT. Formal models used to study the resilience of social-ecological systems have not explicitly included important structural characteristics of this type of system. In this paper, we propose a network perspective for social-ecological systems that enables us to better focus on the structure of interactions between identifiable components of the system. This network perspective might be useful for developing formal models and comparing case studies of social-ecological systems. Based on an analysis of the case studies in this special issue, we identify three types of social-ecological networks: (1) ecosystems that are connected by people through flows of information or materials, (2) ecosystem networks that are disconnected and fragmented by the actions of people, and (3) artificial ecological networks created by people, such as irrigation systems. Each of these three archytypal social-ecological networks faces different problems that influence its resilience as it responds to the addition or removal of connections that affect its coordination or the diffusion of system attributes such as information or disease. [Edit this posting]
http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol11/iss1/art15/
Janssen2006_TowardNetworkPerspectiveofResilienceSES.pdf
Toward a Network Perspective of the Study of Resilience in Social-Ecological Systems
Authors: Janssen, Marco, Bodin, Orjan, Anderies, John, Elmqvist, Thomas, Ernstson, Henrik, McAllister, Ryan, Olsson, Per, Ryan, Paul (Uploaded by: Jocelyne Helbling)ABSTRACT. Formal models used to study the resilience of social-ecological systems have not explicitly included important structural characteristics of this type of system. In this paper, we propose a network perspective for social-ecological systems that enables us to better focus on the structure of interactions between identifiable components of the system. This network perspective might be useful for developing formal models and comparing case studies of social-ecological systems. Based on an analysis of the case studies in this special issue, we identify three types of social-ecological networks: (1) ecosystems that are connected by people through flows of information or materials, (2) ecosystem networks that are disconnected and fragmented by the actions of people, and (3) artificial ecological networks created by people, such as irrigation systems. Each of these three archytypal social-ecological networks faces different problems that influence its resilience as it responds to the addition or removal of connections that affect its coordination or the diffusion of system attributes such as information or disease. [Edit this posting]
http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol11/iss1/art15/
Janssen2006_TowardNetworkPerspectiveofResilienceSES.pdf
Network Analysis in the Social Sciences
Authors: Borgatti, Stephen, Mehra, Ajay, Brass, Daniel, Labianca, Giuseppe (Uploaded by: Jocelyne Helbling)Over the past decade, there has been an explosion of interest in network research across the physical and social sciences. For social scientists, the theory of networks has been a gold mine, yielding explanations for social phenomena in a wide variety of disciplines from psychology to economics. Here, we review the kinds of things that social scientists have tried to explain using social network analysis and provide a nutshell description of the basic assumptions, goals, and explanatory mechanisms prevalent in the field. We hope to contribute to a dialogue among researchers from across the physical and social sciences who share a common interest in understanding the antecedents and consequences of network phenomena. [Edit this posting]
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/323/5916/892
Borgatti_NetworkAnlysisintheSocialSciences.pdf
Network Analysis in the Social Sciences
Authors: Borgatti, Stephen, Mehra, Ajay, Brass, Daniel, Labianca, Giuseppe (Uploaded by: Jocelyne Helbling)Over the past decade, there has been an explosion of interest in network research across the physical and social sciences. For social scientists, the theory of networks has been a gold mine, yielding explanations for social phenomena in a wide variety of disciplines from psychology to economics. Here, we review the kinds of things that social scientists have tried to explain using social network analysis and provide a nutshell description of the basic assumptions, goals, and explanatory mechanisms prevalent in the field. We hope to contribute to a dialogue among researchers from across the physical and social sciences who share a common interest in understanding the antecedents and consequences of network phenomena. [Edit this posting]
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/323/5916/892
Borgatti_NetworkAnlysisintheSocialSciences.pdf
Network Analysis in the Social Sciences
Authors: Borgatti, Stephen, Mehra, Ajay, Brass, Daniel, Labianca, Giuseppe (Uploaded by: Jocelyne Helbling)Over the past decade, there has been an explosion of interest in network research across the physical and social sciences. For social scientists, the theory of networks has been a gold mine, yielding explanations for social phenomena in a wide variety of disciplines from psychology to economics. Here, we review the kinds of things that social scientists have tried to explain using social network analysis and provide a nutshell description of the basic assumptions, goals, and explanatory mechanisms prevalent in the field. We hope to contribute to a dialogue among researchers from across the physical and social sciences who share a common interest in understanding the antecedents and consequences of network phenomena. [Edit this posting]
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/323/5916/892
Borgatti_NetworkAnlysisintheSocialSciences.pdf
Network Analysis in the Social Sciences
Authors: Borgatti, Stephen, Mehra, Ajay, Brass, Daniel, Labianca, Giuseppe (Uploaded by: Jocelyne Helbling)Over the past decade, there has been an explosion of interest in network research across the physical and social sciences. For social scientists, the theory of networks has been a gold mine, yielding explanations for social phenomena in a wide variety of disciplines from psychology to economics. Here, we review the kinds of things that social scientists have tried to explain using social network analysis and provide a nutshell description of the basic assumptions, goals, and explanatory mechanisms prevalent in the field. We hope to contribute to a dialogue among researchers from across the physical and social sciences who share a common interest in understanding the antecedents and consequences of network phenomena. [Edit this posting]
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/323/5916/892
Borgatti_NetworkAnlysisintheSocialSciences.pdf
Scale-Crossing Brokers and Network Governance of Urban Ecosystem Services: The Case of Stockholm
Authors: Ernstson, Henrik, Barthel, Stephan, Anderson, Erik, Borgstrom, Sara (Uploaded by: Jocelyne Helbling)ABSTRACT. Urban ecosystem services are crucial for human well-being and the livability of cities. A central challenge for sustaining ecosystem services lies in addressing scale mismatches between ecological processes on one hand, and social processes of governance on the other. This article synthesizes a set of case studies from urban green areas in Stockholm, Sweden—allotment gardens, urban parks, cemeteries and protected areas—and discusses how governmental agencies and civil society groups engaged in urban green area management can be linked through social networks so as to better match spatial scales of ecosystem processes. The article develops a framework that combines ecological scales with social network structure, with the latter being taken as the patterns of interaction between actor groups. Based on this framework, the article (1) assesses current ecosystem governance, and (2) develops a theoretical understanding of how social network structure influences ecosystem governance and how certain actors can work as agents to promote beneficial network structures. The main results show that the mesoscale of what is conceptualized as city scale green networks (i.e., functionally interconnected local green areas) is not addressed by any actor in Stockholm, and that the management practices of civil society groups engaged in local ecosystem management play a crucial but neglected role in upholding ecosystem services. The article proposes an alternative network structure and discusses the role of midscale managers (for improving ecological functioning) and scale-crossing brokers (engaged in practices to connect actors across ecological scales). Dilemmas, strategies, and practices for establishing this governance system are discussed. [Edit this posting]
http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol15/iss4/art28/
Ernstson2010_ScaleCrossingBrokersNetworkGovernance.pdf
Scale-Crossing Brokers and Network Governance of Urban Ecosystem Services: The Case of Stockholm
Authors: Ernstson, Henrik, Barthel, Stephan, Anderson, Erik, Borgstrom, Sara (Uploaded by: Jocelyne Helbling)ABSTRACT. Urban ecosystem services are crucial for human well-being and the livability of cities. A central challenge for sustaining ecosystem services lies in addressing scale mismatches between ecological processes on one hand, and social processes of governance on the other. This article synthesizes a set of case studies from urban green areas in Stockholm, Sweden—allotment gardens, urban parks, cemeteries and protected areas—and discusses how governmental agencies and civil society groups engaged in urban green area management can be linked through social networks so as to better match spatial scales of ecosystem processes. The article develops a framework that combines ecological scales with social network structure, with the latter being taken as the patterns of interaction between actor groups. Based on this framework, the article (1) assesses current ecosystem governance, and (2) develops a theoretical understanding of how social network structure influences ecosystem governance and how certain actors can work as agents to promote beneficial network structures. The main results show that the mesoscale of what is conceptualized as city scale green networks (i.e., functionally interconnected local green areas) is not addressed by any actor in Stockholm, and that the management practices of civil society groups engaged in local ecosystem management play a crucial but neglected role in upholding ecosystem services. The article proposes an alternative network structure and discusses the role of midscale managers (for improving ecological functioning) and scale-crossing brokers (engaged in practices to connect actors across ecological scales). Dilemmas, strategies, and practices for establishing this governance system are discussed. [Edit this posting]
http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol15/iss4/art28/
Ernstson2010_ScaleCrossingBrokersNetworkGovernance.pdf
Scale-Crossing Brokers and Network Governance of Urban Ecosystem Services: The Case of Stockholm
Authors: Ernstson, Henrik, Barthel, Stephan, Anderson, Erik, Borgstrom, Sara (Uploaded by: Jocelyne Helbling)ABSTRACT. Urban ecosystem services are crucial for human well-being and the livability of cities. A central challenge for sustaining ecosystem services lies in addressing scale mismatches between ecological processes on one hand, and social processes of governance on the other. This article synthesizes a set of case studies from urban green areas in Stockholm, Sweden—allotment gardens, urban parks, cemeteries and protected areas—and discusses how governmental agencies and civil society groups engaged in urban green area management can be linked through social networks so as to better match spatial scales of ecosystem processes. The article develops a framework that combines ecological scales with social network structure, with the latter being taken as the patterns of interaction between actor groups. Based on this framework, the article (1) assesses current ecosystem governance, and (2) develops a theoretical understanding of how social network structure influences ecosystem governance and how certain actors can work as agents to promote beneficial network structures. The main results show that the mesoscale of what is conceptualized as city scale green networks (i.e., functionally interconnected local green areas) is not addressed by any actor in Stockholm, and that the management practices of civil society groups engaged in local ecosystem management play a crucial but neglected role in upholding ecosystem services. The article proposes an alternative network structure and discusses the role of midscale managers (for improving ecological functioning) and scale-crossing brokers (engaged in practices to connect actors across ecological scales). Dilemmas, strategies, and practices for establishing this governance system are discussed. [Edit this posting]
http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol15/iss4/art28/
Ernstson2010_ScaleCrossingBrokersNetworkGovernance.pdf
Scale-Crossing Brokers and Network Governance of Urban Ecosystem Services: The Case of Stockholm
Authors: Ernstson, Henrik, Barthel, Stephan, Anderson, Erik, Borgstrom, Sara (Uploaded by: Jocelyne Helbling)ABSTRACT. Urban ecosystem services are crucial for human well-being and the livability of cities. A central challenge for sustaining ecosystem services lies in addressing scale mismatches between ecological processes on one hand, and social processes of governance on the other. This article synthesizes a set of case studies from urban green areas in Stockholm, Sweden—allotment gardens, urban parks, cemeteries and protected areas—and discusses how governmental agencies and civil society groups engaged in urban green area management can be linked through social networks so as to better match spatial scales of ecosystem processes. The article develops a framework that combines ecological scales with social network structure, with the latter being taken as the patterns of interaction between actor groups. Based on this framework, the article (1) assesses current ecosystem governance, and (2) develops a theoretical understanding of how social network structure influences ecosystem governance and how certain actors can work as agents to promote beneficial network structures. The main results show that the mesoscale of what is conceptualized as city scale green networks (i.e., functionally interconnected local green areas) is not addressed by any actor in Stockholm, and that the management practices of civil society groups engaged in local ecosystem management play a crucial but neglected role in upholding ecosystem services. The article proposes an alternative network structure and discusses the role of midscale managers (for improving ecological functioning) and scale-crossing brokers (engaged in practices to connect actors across ecological scales). Dilemmas, strategies, and practices for establishing this governance system are discussed. [Edit this posting]
http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol15/iss4/art28/
Ernstson2010_ScaleCrossingBrokersNetworkGovernance.pdf